maintaining soil productivity. Essential
plant nutrients and other beneficial ele-
ments in soils and plants. Principles of soil
fertility, soil testing and fertilizer recommen-
dations, integrated nutrient management.
Biofertilizers. Losses of nitrogen in soil, ni-
trogen-use efficiency in submerged rice
soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Efficient
phosphorus and potassium use. Problem
soils and their reclamation. Soil factors af-
fecting greenhouse gas emission.
Soil conservation, integrated watershed
management. Soil erosion and its manage-
ment. Dry land agriculture and its problems.
Technology for stabilizing agriculture pro-
duction in rain fed areas.
Water-use efficiency in relation to crop pro-
duction, criteria for scheduling irrigations,
ways and means of reducing run-off losses
of irrigation water. Rainwater harvesting.
Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of
waterlogged soils, quality of irrigation wa-
ter, effect of industrial effluents on soil and
water pollution. Irrigation projects in India.
Farm management, scope, importance and
characteristics, farm planning. Optimum
resource use and budgeting. Economics
of different types of farming systems. Mar-
keting management – strategies for devel-
opment, market intelligence. Price fluctua-
tions and their cost; role of co-operatives
in agricultural economy; types and systems
of farming and factors affecting them. Agri-
cultural price policy. Crop Insurance.
Agricultural extension, its importance and
role, methods of evaluation of extension
programmes, socio-economic survey and
status of big, small and marginal farmers
and landless agricultural labourers. Train-
ing programmes for extension workers.
Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) in
dissemination of Agricultural technologies.
Non Government Organization (NGO) and
self-help group approach for rural devel-
opment.
PAPER - II
Cell structure, function and cell cycle. Syn-
thesis, structure and function of genetic
material. Laws of heredity. Chromosome
structure, chromosomal aberrations, link-
age and cross-over, and their significance
in recombination breeding. Polyploidy,
euploids and aneuploids. Mutations - and
their role in crop improvement. Heritability,
sterility and incompatibility, classification
and their application in crop improvement.
Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-
influenced and sex-limited characters.
History of plant breeding. Modes of repro-
duction, selfing and crossing techniques.
Origin, evolution and domestication of crop
plants, center of origin, law of homologous
series, crop genetic resources- conserva-
tion and utilization. Application of principles
of plant breeding, improvement of crop
plants. Molecular markers and their appli-
cation in plant improvement. Pure-line se-
lection, pedigree, mass and recurrent se-
lections, combining ability, its significance
in plant breeding. Heterosis and its ex-
ploitation. Somatic hybridization. Breeding
for disease and pest resistance. Role of
interspecific and intergeneric hybridization.
Role of genetic engineering and biotech-
nology in crop improvement. Genetically
modified crop plants.
Seed production and processing technolo-
gies. Seed certification, seed testing and
storage. DNA finger printing and seed reg-
istration. Role of public and private sec-
tors in seed production and marketing. In-
tellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues,
WTO issues and its impact on Agriculture.
Principles of Plant Physiology with refer-
ence to plant nutrition, absorption, translo-
cation and metabolism of nutrients. Soil -
water- plant relationship.
Enzymes and plant pigments; photosyn-
thesis- modern concepts and factors affect-
ing the process, aerobic and anaerobic
respiration; C3, C4 and CAM mechanisms.
Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
Growth and development; photoperiodism
and vernalilzation. Plant growth sub-
stances and their role in crop production.
Physiology of seed development and ger-
mination; dormancy. Stress physiology –
draught, salt and water stress.
Major fruits, plantation crops, vegetables,
spices and flower crops. Package prac-
tices of major horticultural crops. Protected
cultivation and high tech horticulture. Post
harvest technology and value addition of
fruits and vegetables. Landscaping and
commercial floriculture. Medicinal and aro-
matic plants. Role of fruits and vegetables
in human nutrition.
Diagnosis of pests and diseases of field
crops, vegetables, orchard and plantation
crops and their economic importance. Clas-
sification of pests and diseases and their
management. Integrated pest and disease
management. Storage pests and their
management. Biological control of pests
and diseases. Epidemiology and forecast-
ing of major crop pests and diseases. Plant
quarantine measures. Pesticides, their for-
mulation and modes of action.
Food production and consumption trends
in India. Food security and growing popu-
lation – vision 2020. Reasons for grain
surplus. National and international food
policies. Production, procurement, distri-
bution constraints. Availability of food
grains, per capita expenditure on food.
Trends in poverty, Public Distribution Sys-
tem and Below Poverty Line population,
Targeted Public Distribution System (PDS),
policy implementation in context to global-
ization. Processing constraints. Relation of
food production to National Dietary Guide-
lines and food consumption pattern. Food
based dietary approaches to eliminate
hunger. Nutrient deficiency – Micro nutri-
ent deficiency : Protein Energy Malnutri-
tion or Protein Calorie Malnutrition (PEM
or PCM), Micro nutrient deficiency and
HRD in context of work capacity of women
and children. Food grain productivity and
food security.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND
VETERINARY SCIENCE
PAPER – I
1. Animal Nutrition:
1.1 Partitioning of food energy within the
animal. Direct and indirect calorimetry.
Carbon – nitrogen balance and compara-
tive slaughter methods. Systems for ex-
pressing energy value of foods in rumi-
nants, pigs and poultry. Energy require-
ments for maintenance, growth, pregnancy,
lactation, egg, wool, and meat production.
1.2 Latest advances in protein nutrition.
Energy protein interrelationships. Evalua-
tion of protein quality. Use of NPN com-
pounds in ruminant diets. Protein require-
ments for maintenance, growth, preg-
nancy, lactation, egg, wool and meat pro-
duction.
1.3 Major and trace minerals - Their
sources, physiological functions and defi-
ciency symptoms. Toxic minerals. Mineral
interactions. Role of fat-soluble and water
– soluble vitamins in the body, their sources
and deficiency symptoms.
1.4 Feed additives – methane inhibitors,
probiotics, enzymes, antibiotics, hormones,
oligosaccharides, antioxidants, emulsifiers,
mould inhibitors, buffers etc. Use and abuse
of growth promoters like hormones and
antibiotics – latest concepts.
1.5 Conservation of fodders. Storage of
feeds and feed ingredients. Recent ad-
vances in feed technology and feed pro-
cessing. Anti – nutritional and toxic factors
present in livestock feeds. Feed analysis
and quality control. Digestibility trials – di-
rect, indirect and indicator methods. Pre-
dicting feed intake in grazing animals.
1.6 Advances in ruminant nutrition. Nutri-
ent requirements. Balanced rations. Feed-
ing of calves, pregnant, work animals and
breeding bulls. Strategies for feeding milch
animals during different stages of lactation
cycle. Effect of feeding on milk composi-
tion. Feeding of goats for meat and milk
production. Feeding of sheep for meat and
wool production.
1.7 Swine Nutrition. Nutrient requirements.
Creep, starter, grower and finisher rations.
Feeding of pigs for lean meat production.
Low cost rations for swine.
1.8 Poultry nutrition. Special features of
poultry nutrition. Nutrient requirements for
meat and egg production. Formulation of
rations for different classes of layers and
broilers.
2. Animal Physiology:
2.1 Physiology of blood and its circulation,
respiration; excretion. Endocrine glands in
health and disease.
2.2 Blood constituents - Properties and
functions-blood cell formation-Haemoglo-
bin synthesis and chemistry-plasma pro-
teins production, classification and prop-
erties, coagulation of blood;Haemorrhagic
disorders-anticoagulants-blood groups-
Blood volume-Plasma expanders-Buffer
systems in blood. Biochemical tests and
their significance in disease diagnosis.
2.3 Circulation - Physiology of heart, car-
diac cycle, heart sounds, heart beat, elec-
trocardiograms. Work and efficiency of
heart-effect of ions on heart function-me-
tabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and
chemical regulation of heart, effect of tem-
perature and stress on heart, blood pres-
sure and hypertension, osmotic regulation,
arterial pulse, vasomotor regulation of cir-
culation, shock. Coronary and pulmonary
circulation, Blood-Brain barrier- Cere-
brospinal fluid- circulation in birds.
2.4 Respiration - Mechanism of respira-
tion, Transport and exchange of gases –
neural control of respiration-chemo-recep-
tors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.
2.5 Excretion-Structure and function of kid-
ney-formation of urine-methods of study-
ing renal function-renal regulation of acid-
base balance: physiological constituents
of urine-renal failure-passive venous con-
gestion-Urinary secretion in chicken-Sweat
glands and their function. Bio-chemical test
for urinary dysfunction.
2.6 Endocrine glands - Functional disor-
ders their symptoms and diagnosis. Syn-
thesis of hormones, mechanism and con-
trol of secretion- hormonal receptors-clas-
sification and function.
2.7 Growth and Animal Production- Pre-
natal and postnatal growth, maturation,
growth curves, measures of growth, fac-
tors affecting growth, conformation, body
composition, meat quality.
2.8 Physiology of Milk Production, Repro-
duction and Digestion- Current status of
hormonal control of mammary develop-
ment, milk secretion and milk ejection, Male
and Female reproductive organs, their
components and functions. Digestive or-
gans and their functions.
2.9 Environmental Physiology- Physiologi-
cal relations and their regulation; mecha-
nisms of adaptation, environmental factors
and regulatory mechanisms involved in
animal behaviour, climatology – various
parameters and their importance. Animal
ecology. Physiology of behaviour. Effect
of stress on health and production.
3. Animal Reproduction:
Semen quality- Preservation and Artificial
Insemination- Components of semen, com-
position of spermatozoa, chemical and
physical properties of ejaculated semen,
factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro.
Factors affecting semen production and
quality, preservation, composition of
diluents, sperm concentration, transport of
diluted semen. Deep freezing techniques
in cows, sheep, goats, swine and poultry.
Detection of oestrus and time of insemina-
tion for better conception. Anoestrus and
repeat breeding.
4. Livestock Production and Manage-
ment:
4.1 Commercial Dairy Farming- Compari-
son of dairy farming in India with advanced
countries. Dairying under mixed farming
and as specialized farming, economic
dairy farming. Starting of a dairy farm, Capi-
tal and land requirement, organization of
the dairy farm. Opportunities in dairy farm-
ing, factors determining the efficiency of
dairy animal. Herd recording, budgeting,
cost of milk production, pricing policy; Per-
sonnel Management. Developing Practi-
cal and Economic rations for dairy cattle;
supply of greens throughout the year, feed
and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm.
Feeding regimes for young stock and bulls,
heifers and breeding animals; new trends
in feeding young and adult stock; Feeding
records.
4.2 Commercial meat, egg and wool pro-
duction- Development of practical and eco-
nomic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rab-
bits and poultry. Supply of greens, fodder,
feeding regimes for young and mature
stock. New trends in enhancing produc-
tion and management. Capital and land
requirements and socio-economic con-
cept.
4.3 Feeding and management of animals
under drought, flood and other natural ca-
lamities.
5. Genetics and Animal Breeding:
History of animal genetics. Mitosis and
Meiosis: Mendelian inheritance; deviations
to Mendelian genetics; Expression of
genes; Linkage and crossing over; Sex
determination, sex influenced and sex lim-
ited characters; Blood groups and polymor-
phism; Chromosome aberrations; Cyto-
plasmic inheritance. Gene and its struc-
ture; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic
code and protein synthesis; Recombinant
DNA technology. Mutations, types of mu-
tations, methods for detecting mutations
and mutation rate. Trans-genesis.
5.1 Population Genetics applied to Animal
Breeding- Quantitative Vs. qualitative traits;
Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs. indi-
vidual; Gene and genotypic frequency;
Forces changing gene frequency; Random
drift and small populations; Theory of path
coefficient; Inbreeding, methods of estimat-
ing inbreeding coefficient, systems of in-
breeding, Effective population size; Breed-
ing value, estimation of breeding value,
dominance and epistatic deviation; Parti-
tioning of variation; Genotype X environ-
ment correlation and genotype X environ-
ment interaction; role of multiple measure-
ments; Resemblance between relatives.
5.2 Breeding Systems- Breeds of livestsock
and Poultry. Heritability, repeatability and
genetic and phenotypic correlations, their
methods of estimation and precision of es-
timates; Aids to selection and their relative
merits; Individual, pedigree, family and
within family selection; Progeny testing;
Methods of selection; Construction of se-
lection indices and their uses; Compara-
tive evaluation of genetic gains through
various selection methods; Indirect selec-
tion and correlated response; Inbreeding,
out breeding, upgrading, cross-breeding
and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of in-
bred lines for commercial production; Se-
lection for general and specific combining
ability; Breeding for threshold characters.
Sire index.
6. Extension:
Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and
principles of extension. Different Methods
adopted to educate farmers under rural
conditions. Generation of technology, its
transfer and feedback. Problems and con-
straints in transfer of technology. Animal
husbandry programmes for rural develop-
ment.
PAPER – II
1. Anatomy, Pharmacology and Hygiene:
1.1 Histology and Histological Techniques:
Employment News 19 - 25 February 2011
UPSC
39
Paraffin embedding technique of tissue
processing and H.E. staining - Freezing
microtomy- Microscopy-Bright field micro-
scope and electron microscope. Cytology-
structure of cell, organells and inclusions;
cell division-cell types- Tissues and their
classification-embryonic and adult tissues-
Comparative histology of organs-Vascu-
lar. Nervous, digestive, respiratory,
musculo- skeletal and urogenital systems-
Endocrine glands -Integuments-sense or-
gans.
1.2 Embryology – Embryology of verte-
brates with special reference to aves and
domestic mammals gametogenesis-fertili-
zation-germ layers- foetal membranes and
placentation-types of placenta in domestic
mammals-Teratology-twins and twinning-
organogenesis -germ layer derivatives- en-
dodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal
derivates.
1.3 Bovine Anatomy- Regional Anatomy:
Paranasal sinuses of OX- surface anatomy
of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of
infraorbital, maxillary, mandibuloal-
veolar,mental and cornual nerve block.
Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves,
pudendal nerve, median ulnar and radial
nerves-tibial,fibular and digital nerves-Cra-
nial nerves-structures involved in epidural
anaesthesia-superficial lymph nodes-sur-
face anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic,
abdominal and pelvic cavities-comparative
features of locomotor apparatus and their
application in the biomechanics of mam-
malian body.
1.4 Anatomy of Fowl- Musculo-skeletal sys-
tem-functional anatomy in relation to res-
piration and flying, digestion and egg pro-
duction.
1.5 Pharmacology and therapeutic drugs -
Cellular level of pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetics. Drugs acting on fluids
and electrolyte balance. Drugs acting on
Autonomic nervous system. Modern con-
cepts of anaesthesia and dissociative
anaesthetics. Autacoids. Antimicrobials
and principles of chemotherapy in micro-
bial infections. Use of hormones in thera-
peutics- chemotherapy of parasitic infec-
tions. Drug and economic concerns in the
Edible tissues of animals- chemotherapy
of Neoplastic diseases. Toxicity due to in-
secticides, plants, metals, non-metals,
zootoxins and mycotoxins.
1.6 Veterinary Hygiene with reference to
water, air and habitation - Assessment of
pollution of water, air and soil- Importance
of climate in animal health- effect of envi-
ronment on animal function and perfor-
mance-relationship between industrializa-
tion and animal agriculture- animal hous-
ing requirements for specific categories of
domestic animals viz. pregnant cows and
sows, milking cows, broiler birds- stress,
strain and productivity in relation to animal
habitation.
2. Animal Diseases:
2.1 Etiology, epidemiology pathogenesis,
symptoms, postmortem lesions, diagnosis,
and control of infectious diseases of cattle,
sheep and goat, horses, pigs and poultry.
2.2 Etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, di-
agnosis, treatment of production diseases
of cattle, horse, pig and poultry.
2.3 Deficiency diseases of domestic ani-
mals and birds.
2.4 Diagnosis and treatment of non-spe-
cific conditions like impaction, Bloat, Diar-
rhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke,
poisoning.
2.5 Diagnosis and treatment of neurologi-
cal disorders.
2.6 Principles and methods of immuniza-
tion of animals against specific diseases-
herd immunity- disease free zones- ‘zero’
disease concept- chemoprophylaxis.
2.7 Anaesthesia- local, regional and gen-
eral-preanesthetic medication. Symptoms
and surgical interference in fractures and
dislocation. Hernia, choking abomasal dis-
placement- Caesarian operations. Ru-
menotomy-Castrations.
2.8 Disease investigation techniques.-
Materials for laboratory investigation- Es-
tablishment of Animal Health Centers- Dis-
ease free zone.
3. Veterinary Public Health:
3.1 Zoonoses. - Classification, definition,
role of animals and birds in prevalence and
transmission of zoonotic diseases- occu-
pational zoonotic diseases.
3.2 Epidemiology- Principle, definition of
epidemiological terms, application of epi-
demiological measures in the study of dis-
eases and disease control. Epidemiologi-
cal features of air, water and food borne
infections. OIE regulations, WTO, sanitary
and phytosanitary measures.
3.3 Veterinary Jurisprudence- Rules and
Regulations for improvement of animal
quality and prevention of animal diseases
- State and central rules for prevention of
animal and animal product borne diseases-
S P C A- Veterolegal cases- Certificates -
Materials and Methods of collection of
samples for veterolegal investigation.
4. Milk and Milk Products Technology:
4.1 Market Milk: Quality, testing and grad-
ing of raw milk. Processing, packaging,
storing, distribution, marketing, defects and
their control. Preparation of the following
milks: Pasteurized, standardized, toned,
double toned, sterilized, homogenized,
reconstituted, recombined and flavoured
milks. Preparation of cultured milks, cul-
tures and their management, yoghurt,
Dahi, Lassi and Srikhand. Preparation of
flavoured and sterilized milks. Legal stan-
dards. Sanitation requirement for clean and
safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.
4.2 Milk Products Technology: Selection
of raw materials, processing, storing , dis-
tributing and marketing milk products such
as Cream, Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa,
Cheese, condensed, evaporated, dried
milk and baby food, Ice cream and Kulfi;
by-products, whey products, butter milk,
lactose and casein. Testing, grading, judg-
ing milk products- BIS and Agmark specifi-
cations, legal standards, quality control and
nutritive properties. Packaging, process-
ing and operational control. Costing of
dairy products.
5. Meat Hygiene and Technology:
5.1 Meat Hygiene.
5.1.1 Ante mortem care and management
of food animals, stunning, slaughter and
dressing operations; abattoir requirements
and designs; Meat inspection procedures
and judgment of carcass meat cuts- grad-
ing of carcass meat cuts- duties and func-
tions of Veterinarians in wholesome meat
production.
5.1.2 Hygienic methods of handling pro-
duction of meat- Spoilage of meat and con-
trol measures- Post - slaughter physico-
chemical changes in meat and factors that
influence them- Quality improvement meth-
ods – Adulteration of meat and detection -
Regulatory provisions in Meat trade and
Industry.
5.2 Meat Technology.
5.2.1 Physical and chemical characteris-
tics of meat- Meat emulsions- Methods of
preservation of meat- Curing, canning, ir-
radiation, packaging of meat and meat
products, processing and formulations.
5.3 By- products- Slaughter house by- prod-
ucts and their utilization- Edible and ined-
ible by products- Social and economic im-
plications of proper utilization of slaughter
house by-products- Organ products for food
and pharmaceuticals.
5.4 Poultry Products Technology- Chemi-
cal composition and nutritive value of poul-
try meat, pre - slaughter care and manage-
ment. Slaughtering techniques, inspection,
preservation of poultry meat and products.
Legal and BIS standards.
Structure, composition and nutritive value
of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation
and maintenance. Marketing of poultry
meat, eggs and products. Value added
meat products.
5.5 Rabbit/Fur Animal farming - Rabbit
meat production. Disposal and utilization
of fur and wool and recycling of waste by
products. Grading of wool.
ANTHROPOLOGY
PAPER - I
1.1 Meaning, scope and development of
Anthropology.
1.2 Relationships with other disciplines:
Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences,
Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sci-
ences and Humanities.
1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their
scope and relevance:
(a) Social- cultural Anthropology.
(b) Biological Anthropology.
(c) Archaeological Anthropology.
(d) Linguistic Anthropology.
1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of
Man:
(a) Biological and Cultural factors in hu-
man evolution.
(b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-
Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Dar-
winian).
(c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief out-
line of terms and concepts of evolu-
tionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s
rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, con-
vergence, adaptive radiation, and
mosaic evolution).
1.5 Characteristics of Primates; Evolution-
ary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate
Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Pri-
mate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Ter-
tiary and Quaternary fossil primates; Liv-
ing Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy
of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to
erect posture and its implications.
1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and
geographical distribution of the following:
(a) Plio-pleistocene hominids in South
and East Africa - Australopithecines.
(b) Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus),
Europe (Homo erectus heidelber-
gensis), Asia (Homo erectus
javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis).
(c) Neanderthal Man- La-Chapelle-aux-
saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Pro-
gressive type).
(d) Rhodesian man.
(e) Homo sapiens — Cromagnon,
Grimaldi and Chancelede.
1.7 The biological basis of life: The Cell,
DNA structure and replication, Protein Syn-
thesis, Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes,
and Cell Division.
1.8 (a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeol-
ogy. Chronology: Relative and Absolute
Dating methods.
(b) Cultural Evolution- Broad Outlines of
Prehistoric cultures:
(i) Paleolithic
(ii) Mesolithic
(iii) Neolithic
(iv) Chalcolithic
(v) Copper-Bronze Age
(vi) Iron Age
2.1 The Nature of Culture: The concept
and characteristics of culture and civiliza-
tion; Ethnocentrism vis-à-vis cultural Rela-
tivism.
2.2 The Nature of Society: Concept of Soci-
ety; Society and Culture; Social Institutions;
Social groups; and Social stratification.
2.3 Marriage: Definition and universality;
Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy,
hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo);
Types of marriage (monogamy, polygamy,
polyandry, group marriage). Functions of
marriage; Marriage regulations (preferen-
tial, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage
payments (bride wealth and dowry).
2.4 Family: Definition and universality;
Family, household and domestic groups;
functions of family; Types of family (from
the perspectives of structure, blood rela-
tion, marriage, residence and succession);
Impact of urbanization, industrialization
and feminist movements on family.
2.5 Kinship: Consanguinity and Affinity;
Principles and types of descent (Unilineal,
Double, Bilateral, Ambilineal); Forms of
descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moi-
ety and kindred); Kinship terminology (de-
scriptive and classificatory); Descent, Fili-
ation and Complimentary Filiation; De-
scent and Alliance.
3. Economic organization: Meaning,
scope and relevance of economic anthro-
pology; Formalist and Substantivist debate;
Principles governing production, distribu-
tion and exchange (reciprocity, redistribu-
tion and market), in communities, subsist-
ing on hunting and gathering, fishing,
swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and
agriculture; globalization and indigenous
economic systems.
4. Political organization and Social Con-
trol: Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and
state; concepts of power, authority and le-
gitimacy; social control, law and justice in
simple societies.
5. Religion: Anthropological approaches
to the study of religion (evolutionary, psy-
chological and functional); monotheism
and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths
and rituals; forms of religion in tribal and
peasant societies (animism, animatism,
fetishism, naturism and totemism); religion,
magic and science distinguished; magico-
religious functionaries (priest, shaman,
medicine man, sorcerer and witch).
6. Anthropological theories:
(a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan
and Frazer)
(b) Historical particularism (Boas);
Diffusionism (British, German and
American)
(c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Struc-
tural- functionlism (Radcliffe-Brown)
(d) Structuralism (L’evi - Strauss and E.
Leach)
(e) Culture and personality (Benedict,
Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora - du
Bois).
(f) Neo - evolutionism (Childe, White,
Steward, Sahlins and Service)
(g) Cultural materialism (Harris)
(h) Symbolic and interpretive theories
(Turner, Schneider and Geertz)
(i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin)
(j) Post- modernism in anthropology
7. Culture, language and communication:
Nature, origin and characteristics of lan-
guage; verbal and non-verbal communi-
cation; social context of language use.
8. Research methods in anthropology:
(a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology
(b) Distinction between technique,
method and methodology
(c) Tools of data collection: observation,
interview, schedules, questionnaire,
Case study, genealogy, life-history,
oral history, secondary sources of in-
formation, participatory methods.
(d) Analysis, interpretation and presenta-
tion of data.
9.1 Human Genetics : Methods and Ap-
plication: Methods for study of genetic prin-
ciples in man-family study (pedigree analy-
sis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method,
cytogenetic method, chromosomal and
karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods,
immunological methods, D.N.A. technol-
ogy and recombinant technologies.
9.2 Mendelian genetics in man-family
study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-
lethal and polygenic inheritance in man.
9.3 Concept of genetic polymorphism and
selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-
Weinberg law; causes and changes which
bring down frequency – mutation, isola-
tion, migration, selection, inbreeding and
genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-
consanguineous mating, genetic load, ge-
plant nutrients and other beneficial ele-
ments in soils and plants. Principles of soil
fertility, soil testing and fertilizer recommen-
dations, integrated nutrient management.
Biofertilizers. Losses of nitrogen in soil, ni-
trogen-use efficiency in submerged rice
soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Efficient
phosphorus and potassium use. Problem
soils and their reclamation. Soil factors af-
fecting greenhouse gas emission.
Soil conservation, integrated watershed
management. Soil erosion and its manage-
ment. Dry land agriculture and its problems.
Technology for stabilizing agriculture pro-
duction in rain fed areas.
Water-use efficiency in relation to crop pro-
duction, criteria for scheduling irrigations,
ways and means of reducing run-off losses
of irrigation water. Rainwater harvesting.
Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of
waterlogged soils, quality of irrigation wa-
ter, effect of industrial effluents on soil and
water pollution. Irrigation projects in India.
Farm management, scope, importance and
characteristics, farm planning. Optimum
resource use and budgeting. Economics
of different types of farming systems. Mar-
keting management – strategies for devel-
opment, market intelligence. Price fluctua-
tions and their cost; role of co-operatives
in agricultural economy; types and systems
of farming and factors affecting them. Agri-
cultural price policy. Crop Insurance.
Agricultural extension, its importance and
role, methods of evaluation of extension
programmes, socio-economic survey and
status of big, small and marginal farmers
and landless agricultural labourers. Train-
ing programmes for extension workers.
Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) in
dissemination of Agricultural technologies.
Non Government Organization (NGO) and
self-help group approach for rural devel-
opment.
PAPER - II
Cell structure, function and cell cycle. Syn-
thesis, structure and function of genetic
material. Laws of heredity. Chromosome
structure, chromosomal aberrations, link-
age and cross-over, and their significance
in recombination breeding. Polyploidy,
euploids and aneuploids. Mutations - and
their role in crop improvement. Heritability,
sterility and incompatibility, classification
and their application in crop improvement.
Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-
influenced and sex-limited characters.
History of plant breeding. Modes of repro-
duction, selfing and crossing techniques.
Origin, evolution and domestication of crop
plants, center of origin, law of homologous
series, crop genetic resources- conserva-
tion and utilization. Application of principles
of plant breeding, improvement of crop
plants. Molecular markers and their appli-
cation in plant improvement. Pure-line se-
lection, pedigree, mass and recurrent se-
lections, combining ability, its significance
in plant breeding. Heterosis and its ex-
ploitation. Somatic hybridization. Breeding
for disease and pest resistance. Role of
interspecific and intergeneric hybridization.
Role of genetic engineering and biotech-
nology in crop improvement. Genetically
modified crop plants.
Seed production and processing technolo-
gies. Seed certification, seed testing and
storage. DNA finger printing and seed reg-
istration. Role of public and private sec-
tors in seed production and marketing. In-
tellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues,
WTO issues and its impact on Agriculture.
Principles of Plant Physiology with refer-
ence to plant nutrition, absorption, translo-
cation and metabolism of nutrients. Soil -
water- plant relationship.
Enzymes and plant pigments; photosyn-
thesis- modern concepts and factors affect-
ing the process, aerobic and anaerobic
respiration; C3, C4 and CAM mechanisms.
Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
Growth and development; photoperiodism
and vernalilzation. Plant growth sub-
stances and their role in crop production.
Physiology of seed development and ger-
mination; dormancy. Stress physiology –
draught, salt and water stress.
Major fruits, plantation crops, vegetables,
spices and flower crops. Package prac-
tices of major horticultural crops. Protected
cultivation and high tech horticulture. Post
harvest technology and value addition of
fruits and vegetables. Landscaping and
commercial floriculture. Medicinal and aro-
matic plants. Role of fruits and vegetables
in human nutrition.
Diagnosis of pests and diseases of field
crops, vegetables, orchard and plantation
crops and their economic importance. Clas-
sification of pests and diseases and their
management. Integrated pest and disease
management. Storage pests and their
management. Biological control of pests
and diseases. Epidemiology and forecast-
ing of major crop pests and diseases. Plant
quarantine measures. Pesticides, their for-
mulation and modes of action.
Food production and consumption trends
in India. Food security and growing popu-
lation – vision 2020. Reasons for grain
surplus. National and international food
policies. Production, procurement, distri-
bution constraints. Availability of food
grains, per capita expenditure on food.
Trends in poverty, Public Distribution Sys-
tem and Below Poverty Line population,
Targeted Public Distribution System (PDS),
policy implementation in context to global-
ization. Processing constraints. Relation of
food production to National Dietary Guide-
lines and food consumption pattern. Food
based dietary approaches to eliminate
hunger. Nutrient deficiency – Micro nutri-
ent deficiency : Protein Energy Malnutri-
tion or Protein Calorie Malnutrition (PEM
or PCM), Micro nutrient deficiency and
HRD in context of work capacity of women
and children. Food grain productivity and
food security.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND
VETERINARY SCIENCE
PAPER – I
1. Animal Nutrition:
1.1 Partitioning of food energy within the
animal. Direct and indirect calorimetry.
Carbon – nitrogen balance and compara-
tive slaughter methods. Systems for ex-
pressing energy value of foods in rumi-
nants, pigs and poultry. Energy require-
ments for maintenance, growth, pregnancy,
lactation, egg, wool, and meat production.
1.2 Latest advances in protein nutrition.
Energy protein interrelationships. Evalua-
tion of protein quality. Use of NPN com-
pounds in ruminant diets. Protein require-
ments for maintenance, growth, preg-
nancy, lactation, egg, wool and meat pro-
duction.
1.3 Major and trace minerals - Their
sources, physiological functions and defi-
ciency symptoms. Toxic minerals. Mineral
interactions. Role of fat-soluble and water
– soluble vitamins in the body, their sources
and deficiency symptoms.
1.4 Feed additives – methane inhibitors,
probiotics, enzymes, antibiotics, hormones,
oligosaccharides, antioxidants, emulsifiers,
mould inhibitors, buffers etc. Use and abuse
of growth promoters like hormones and
antibiotics – latest concepts.
1.5 Conservation of fodders. Storage of
feeds and feed ingredients. Recent ad-
vances in feed technology and feed pro-
cessing. Anti – nutritional and toxic factors
present in livestock feeds. Feed analysis
and quality control. Digestibility trials – di-
rect, indirect and indicator methods. Pre-
dicting feed intake in grazing animals.
1.6 Advances in ruminant nutrition. Nutri-
ent requirements. Balanced rations. Feed-
ing of calves, pregnant, work animals and
breeding bulls. Strategies for feeding milch
animals during different stages of lactation
cycle. Effect of feeding on milk composi-
tion. Feeding of goats for meat and milk
production. Feeding of sheep for meat and
wool production.
1.7 Swine Nutrition. Nutrient requirements.
Creep, starter, grower and finisher rations.
Feeding of pigs for lean meat production.
Low cost rations for swine.
1.8 Poultry nutrition. Special features of
poultry nutrition. Nutrient requirements for
meat and egg production. Formulation of
rations for different classes of layers and
broilers.
2. Animal Physiology:
2.1 Physiology of blood and its circulation,
respiration; excretion. Endocrine glands in
health and disease.
2.2 Blood constituents - Properties and
functions-blood cell formation-Haemoglo-
bin synthesis and chemistry-plasma pro-
teins production, classification and prop-
erties, coagulation of blood;Haemorrhagic
disorders-anticoagulants-blood groups-
Blood volume-Plasma expanders-Buffer
systems in blood. Biochemical tests and
their significance in disease diagnosis.
2.3 Circulation - Physiology of heart, car-
diac cycle, heart sounds, heart beat, elec-
trocardiograms. Work and efficiency of
heart-effect of ions on heart function-me-
tabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and
chemical regulation of heart, effect of tem-
perature and stress on heart, blood pres-
sure and hypertension, osmotic regulation,
arterial pulse, vasomotor regulation of cir-
culation, shock. Coronary and pulmonary
circulation, Blood-Brain barrier- Cere-
brospinal fluid- circulation in birds.
2.4 Respiration - Mechanism of respira-
tion, Transport and exchange of gases –
neural control of respiration-chemo-recep-
tors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.
2.5 Excretion-Structure and function of kid-
ney-formation of urine-methods of study-
ing renal function-renal regulation of acid-
base balance: physiological constituents
of urine-renal failure-passive venous con-
gestion-Urinary secretion in chicken-Sweat
glands and their function. Bio-chemical test
for urinary dysfunction.
2.6 Endocrine glands - Functional disor-
ders their symptoms and diagnosis. Syn-
thesis of hormones, mechanism and con-
trol of secretion- hormonal receptors-clas-
sification and function.
2.7 Growth and Animal Production- Pre-
natal and postnatal growth, maturation,
growth curves, measures of growth, fac-
tors affecting growth, conformation, body
composition, meat quality.
2.8 Physiology of Milk Production, Repro-
duction and Digestion- Current status of
hormonal control of mammary develop-
ment, milk secretion and milk ejection, Male
and Female reproductive organs, their
components and functions. Digestive or-
gans and their functions.
2.9 Environmental Physiology- Physiologi-
cal relations and their regulation; mecha-
nisms of adaptation, environmental factors
and regulatory mechanisms involved in
animal behaviour, climatology – various
parameters and their importance. Animal
ecology. Physiology of behaviour. Effect
of stress on health and production.
3. Animal Reproduction:
Semen quality- Preservation and Artificial
Insemination- Components of semen, com-
position of spermatozoa, chemical and
physical properties of ejaculated semen,
factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro.
Factors affecting semen production and
quality, preservation, composition of
diluents, sperm concentration, transport of
diluted semen. Deep freezing techniques
in cows, sheep, goats, swine and poultry.
Detection of oestrus and time of insemina-
tion for better conception. Anoestrus and
repeat breeding.
4. Livestock Production and Manage-
ment:
4.1 Commercial Dairy Farming- Compari-
son of dairy farming in India with advanced
countries. Dairying under mixed farming
and as specialized farming, economic
dairy farming. Starting of a dairy farm, Capi-
tal and land requirement, organization of
the dairy farm. Opportunities in dairy farm-
ing, factors determining the efficiency of
dairy animal. Herd recording, budgeting,
cost of milk production, pricing policy; Per-
sonnel Management. Developing Practi-
cal and Economic rations for dairy cattle;
supply of greens throughout the year, feed
and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm.
Feeding regimes for young stock and bulls,
heifers and breeding animals; new trends
in feeding young and adult stock; Feeding
records.
4.2 Commercial meat, egg and wool pro-
duction- Development of practical and eco-
nomic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rab-
bits and poultry. Supply of greens, fodder,
feeding regimes for young and mature
stock. New trends in enhancing produc-
tion and management. Capital and land
requirements and socio-economic con-
cept.
4.3 Feeding and management of animals
under drought, flood and other natural ca-
lamities.
5. Genetics and Animal Breeding:
History of animal genetics. Mitosis and
Meiosis: Mendelian inheritance; deviations
to Mendelian genetics; Expression of
genes; Linkage and crossing over; Sex
determination, sex influenced and sex lim-
ited characters; Blood groups and polymor-
phism; Chromosome aberrations; Cyto-
plasmic inheritance. Gene and its struc-
ture; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic
code and protein synthesis; Recombinant
DNA technology. Mutations, types of mu-
tations, methods for detecting mutations
and mutation rate. Trans-genesis.
5.1 Population Genetics applied to Animal
Breeding- Quantitative Vs. qualitative traits;
Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs. indi-
vidual; Gene and genotypic frequency;
Forces changing gene frequency; Random
drift and small populations; Theory of path
coefficient; Inbreeding, methods of estimat-
ing inbreeding coefficient, systems of in-
breeding, Effective population size; Breed-
ing value, estimation of breeding value,
dominance and epistatic deviation; Parti-
tioning of variation; Genotype X environ-
ment correlation and genotype X environ-
ment interaction; role of multiple measure-
ments; Resemblance between relatives.
5.2 Breeding Systems- Breeds of livestsock
and Poultry. Heritability, repeatability and
genetic and phenotypic correlations, their
methods of estimation and precision of es-
timates; Aids to selection and their relative
merits; Individual, pedigree, family and
within family selection; Progeny testing;
Methods of selection; Construction of se-
lection indices and their uses; Compara-
tive evaluation of genetic gains through
various selection methods; Indirect selec-
tion and correlated response; Inbreeding,
out breeding, upgrading, cross-breeding
and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of in-
bred lines for commercial production; Se-
lection for general and specific combining
ability; Breeding for threshold characters.
Sire index.
6. Extension:
Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and
principles of extension. Different Methods
adopted to educate farmers under rural
conditions. Generation of technology, its
transfer and feedback. Problems and con-
straints in transfer of technology. Animal
husbandry programmes for rural develop-
ment.
PAPER – II
1. Anatomy, Pharmacology and Hygiene:
1.1 Histology and Histological Techniques:
Employment News 19 - 25 February 2011
UPSC
39
Paraffin embedding technique of tissue
processing and H.E. staining - Freezing
microtomy- Microscopy-Bright field micro-
scope and electron microscope. Cytology-
structure of cell, organells and inclusions;
cell division-cell types- Tissues and their
classification-embryonic and adult tissues-
Comparative histology of organs-Vascu-
lar. Nervous, digestive, respiratory,
musculo- skeletal and urogenital systems-
Endocrine glands -Integuments-sense or-
gans.
1.2 Embryology – Embryology of verte-
brates with special reference to aves and
domestic mammals gametogenesis-fertili-
zation-germ layers- foetal membranes and
placentation-types of placenta in domestic
mammals-Teratology-twins and twinning-
organogenesis -germ layer derivatives- en-
dodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal
derivates.
1.3 Bovine Anatomy- Regional Anatomy:
Paranasal sinuses of OX- surface anatomy
of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of
infraorbital, maxillary, mandibuloal-
veolar,mental and cornual nerve block.
Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves,
pudendal nerve, median ulnar and radial
nerves-tibial,fibular and digital nerves-Cra-
nial nerves-structures involved in epidural
anaesthesia-superficial lymph nodes-sur-
face anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic,
abdominal and pelvic cavities-comparative
features of locomotor apparatus and their
application in the biomechanics of mam-
malian body.
1.4 Anatomy of Fowl- Musculo-skeletal sys-
tem-functional anatomy in relation to res-
piration and flying, digestion and egg pro-
duction.
1.5 Pharmacology and therapeutic drugs -
Cellular level of pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetics. Drugs acting on fluids
and electrolyte balance. Drugs acting on
Autonomic nervous system. Modern con-
cepts of anaesthesia and dissociative
anaesthetics. Autacoids. Antimicrobials
and principles of chemotherapy in micro-
bial infections. Use of hormones in thera-
peutics- chemotherapy of parasitic infec-
tions. Drug and economic concerns in the
Edible tissues of animals- chemotherapy
of Neoplastic diseases. Toxicity due to in-
secticides, plants, metals, non-metals,
zootoxins and mycotoxins.
1.6 Veterinary Hygiene with reference to
water, air and habitation - Assessment of
pollution of water, air and soil- Importance
of climate in animal health- effect of envi-
ronment on animal function and perfor-
mance-relationship between industrializa-
tion and animal agriculture- animal hous-
ing requirements for specific categories of
domestic animals viz. pregnant cows and
sows, milking cows, broiler birds- stress,
strain and productivity in relation to animal
habitation.
2. Animal Diseases:
2.1 Etiology, epidemiology pathogenesis,
symptoms, postmortem lesions, diagnosis,
and control of infectious diseases of cattle,
sheep and goat, horses, pigs and poultry.
2.2 Etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, di-
agnosis, treatment of production diseases
of cattle, horse, pig and poultry.
2.3 Deficiency diseases of domestic ani-
mals and birds.
2.4 Diagnosis and treatment of non-spe-
cific conditions like impaction, Bloat, Diar-
rhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke,
poisoning.
2.5 Diagnosis and treatment of neurologi-
cal disorders.
2.6 Principles and methods of immuniza-
tion of animals against specific diseases-
herd immunity- disease free zones- ‘zero’
disease concept- chemoprophylaxis.
2.7 Anaesthesia- local, regional and gen-
eral-preanesthetic medication. Symptoms
and surgical interference in fractures and
dislocation. Hernia, choking abomasal dis-
placement- Caesarian operations. Ru-
menotomy-Castrations.
2.8 Disease investigation techniques.-
Materials for laboratory investigation- Es-
tablishment of Animal Health Centers- Dis-
ease free zone.
3. Veterinary Public Health:
3.1 Zoonoses. - Classification, definition,
role of animals and birds in prevalence and
transmission of zoonotic diseases- occu-
pational zoonotic diseases.
3.2 Epidemiology- Principle, definition of
epidemiological terms, application of epi-
demiological measures in the study of dis-
eases and disease control. Epidemiologi-
cal features of air, water and food borne
infections. OIE regulations, WTO, sanitary
and phytosanitary measures.
3.3 Veterinary Jurisprudence- Rules and
Regulations for improvement of animal
quality and prevention of animal diseases
- State and central rules for prevention of
animal and animal product borne diseases-
S P C A- Veterolegal cases- Certificates -
Materials and Methods of collection of
samples for veterolegal investigation.
4. Milk and Milk Products Technology:
4.1 Market Milk: Quality, testing and grad-
ing of raw milk. Processing, packaging,
storing, distribution, marketing, defects and
their control. Preparation of the following
milks: Pasteurized, standardized, toned,
double toned, sterilized, homogenized,
reconstituted, recombined and flavoured
milks. Preparation of cultured milks, cul-
tures and their management, yoghurt,
Dahi, Lassi and Srikhand. Preparation of
flavoured and sterilized milks. Legal stan-
dards. Sanitation requirement for clean and
safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.
4.2 Milk Products Technology: Selection
of raw materials, processing, storing , dis-
tributing and marketing milk products such
as Cream, Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa,
Cheese, condensed, evaporated, dried
milk and baby food, Ice cream and Kulfi;
by-products, whey products, butter milk,
lactose and casein. Testing, grading, judg-
ing milk products- BIS and Agmark specifi-
cations, legal standards, quality control and
nutritive properties. Packaging, process-
ing and operational control. Costing of
dairy products.
5. Meat Hygiene and Technology:
5.1 Meat Hygiene.
5.1.1 Ante mortem care and management
of food animals, stunning, slaughter and
dressing operations; abattoir requirements
and designs; Meat inspection procedures
and judgment of carcass meat cuts- grad-
ing of carcass meat cuts- duties and func-
tions of Veterinarians in wholesome meat
production.
5.1.2 Hygienic methods of handling pro-
duction of meat- Spoilage of meat and con-
trol measures- Post - slaughter physico-
chemical changes in meat and factors that
influence them- Quality improvement meth-
ods – Adulteration of meat and detection -
Regulatory provisions in Meat trade and
Industry.
5.2 Meat Technology.
5.2.1 Physical and chemical characteris-
tics of meat- Meat emulsions- Methods of
preservation of meat- Curing, canning, ir-
radiation, packaging of meat and meat
products, processing and formulations.
5.3 By- products- Slaughter house by- prod-
ucts and their utilization- Edible and ined-
ible by products- Social and economic im-
plications of proper utilization of slaughter
house by-products- Organ products for food
and pharmaceuticals.
5.4 Poultry Products Technology- Chemi-
cal composition and nutritive value of poul-
try meat, pre - slaughter care and manage-
ment. Slaughtering techniques, inspection,
preservation of poultry meat and products.
Legal and BIS standards.
Structure, composition and nutritive value
of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation
and maintenance. Marketing of poultry
meat, eggs and products. Value added
meat products.
5.5 Rabbit/Fur Animal farming - Rabbit
meat production. Disposal and utilization
of fur and wool and recycling of waste by
products. Grading of wool.
ANTHROPOLOGY
PAPER - I
1.1 Meaning, scope and development of
Anthropology.
1.2 Relationships with other disciplines:
Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences,
Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sci-
ences and Humanities.
1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their
scope and relevance:
(a) Social- cultural Anthropology.
(b) Biological Anthropology.
(c) Archaeological Anthropology.
(d) Linguistic Anthropology.
1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of
Man:
(a) Biological and Cultural factors in hu-
man evolution.
(b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-
Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Dar-
winian).
(c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief out-
line of terms and concepts of evolu-
tionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s
rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, con-
vergence, adaptive radiation, and
mosaic evolution).
1.5 Characteristics of Primates; Evolution-
ary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate
Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Pri-
mate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Ter-
tiary and Quaternary fossil primates; Liv-
ing Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy
of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to
erect posture and its implications.
1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and
geographical distribution of the following:
(a) Plio-pleistocene hominids in South
and East Africa - Australopithecines.
(b) Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus),
Europe (Homo erectus heidelber-
gensis), Asia (Homo erectus
javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis).
(c) Neanderthal Man- La-Chapelle-aux-
saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Pro-
gressive type).
(d) Rhodesian man.
(e) Homo sapiens — Cromagnon,
Grimaldi and Chancelede.
1.7 The biological basis of life: The Cell,
DNA structure and replication, Protein Syn-
thesis, Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes,
and Cell Division.
1.8 (a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeol-
ogy. Chronology: Relative and Absolute
Dating methods.
(b) Cultural Evolution- Broad Outlines of
Prehistoric cultures:
(i) Paleolithic
(ii) Mesolithic
(iii) Neolithic
(iv) Chalcolithic
(v) Copper-Bronze Age
(vi) Iron Age
2.1 The Nature of Culture: The concept
and characteristics of culture and civiliza-
tion; Ethnocentrism vis-à-vis cultural Rela-
tivism.
2.2 The Nature of Society: Concept of Soci-
ety; Society and Culture; Social Institutions;
Social groups; and Social stratification.
2.3 Marriage: Definition and universality;
Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy,
hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo);
Types of marriage (monogamy, polygamy,
polyandry, group marriage). Functions of
marriage; Marriage regulations (preferen-
tial, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage
payments (bride wealth and dowry).
2.4 Family: Definition and universality;
Family, household and domestic groups;
functions of family; Types of family (from
the perspectives of structure, blood rela-
tion, marriage, residence and succession);
Impact of urbanization, industrialization
and feminist movements on family.
2.5 Kinship: Consanguinity and Affinity;
Principles and types of descent (Unilineal,
Double, Bilateral, Ambilineal); Forms of
descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moi-
ety and kindred); Kinship terminology (de-
scriptive and classificatory); Descent, Fili-
ation and Complimentary Filiation; De-
scent and Alliance.
3. Economic organization: Meaning,
scope and relevance of economic anthro-
pology; Formalist and Substantivist debate;
Principles governing production, distribu-
tion and exchange (reciprocity, redistribu-
tion and market), in communities, subsist-
ing on hunting and gathering, fishing,
swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and
agriculture; globalization and indigenous
economic systems.
4. Political organization and Social Con-
trol: Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and
state; concepts of power, authority and le-
gitimacy; social control, law and justice in
simple societies.
5. Religion: Anthropological approaches
to the study of religion (evolutionary, psy-
chological and functional); monotheism
and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths
and rituals; forms of religion in tribal and
peasant societies (animism, animatism,
fetishism, naturism and totemism); religion,
magic and science distinguished; magico-
religious functionaries (priest, shaman,
medicine man, sorcerer and witch).
6. Anthropological theories:
(a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan
and Frazer)
(b) Historical particularism (Boas);
Diffusionism (British, German and
American)
(c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Struc-
tural- functionlism (Radcliffe-Brown)
(d) Structuralism (L’evi - Strauss and E.
Leach)
(e) Culture and personality (Benedict,
Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora - du
Bois).
(f) Neo - evolutionism (Childe, White,
Steward, Sahlins and Service)
(g) Cultural materialism (Harris)
(h) Symbolic and interpretive theories
(Turner, Schneider and Geertz)
(i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin)
(j) Post- modernism in anthropology
7. Culture, language and communication:
Nature, origin and characteristics of lan-
guage; verbal and non-verbal communi-
cation; social context of language use.
8. Research methods in anthropology:
(a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology
(b) Distinction between technique,
method and methodology
(c) Tools of data collection: observation,
interview, schedules, questionnaire,
Case study, genealogy, life-history,
oral history, secondary sources of in-
formation, participatory methods.
(d) Analysis, interpretation and presenta-
tion of data.
9.1 Human Genetics : Methods and Ap-
plication: Methods for study of genetic prin-
ciples in man-family study (pedigree analy-
sis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method,
cytogenetic method, chromosomal and
karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods,
immunological methods, D.N.A. technol-
ogy and recombinant technologies.
9.2 Mendelian genetics in man-family
study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-
lethal and polygenic inheritance in man.
9.3 Concept of genetic polymorphism and
selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-
Weinberg law; causes and changes which
bring down frequency – mutation, isola-
tion, migration, selection, inbreeding and
genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-
consanguineous mating, genetic load, ge-
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